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Seismic performance of single-storey light timber-framed buildings braced …
Research papers, University of Canterbury Library
Light timber framed (LTF) structures provide a cost-effective and structurally efficient solution for low-rise residential buildings. This paper studies seismic performance of single-storey LTF buildings sheathed by gypsum-plasterboards (GPBs) that are a typical lining product in New Zealand houses. Compared with wood-based structural panels, GPBs tend to be more susceptible to damage when they are used in bracing walls to resist earthquake loads. This study aims to provide insights on how the bracing wall irregularity allowed by the current New Zealand standard NZS 3604 and the in-plane rigidity of ceiling diaphragms affect the overall seismic performance of these GPB-braced LTF buildings. Nonlinear time-history analyses were conducted on a series of single-storey baseline buildings with different levels of bracing wall irregularities and ceiling diaphragm rigidity. The results showed significant torsional effect caused by the eccentric bracing wall layout with semi-rigid/rigid ceiling diaphragms. On average, bracing wall drift demand caused by the extreme bracing wall irregularities was three times of that in the regular bracing wall layout under the rigid diaphragm assumption. This finding agreed well with the house survey after the 2011 Canterbury Earthquake in which significantly more damage was observed in the houses with irregular bracing wall layouts and relatively rigid diaphragms. Therefore, it is recommended to limit the level of bracing wall eccentricity and ensure the sufficiently rigid diaphragms to avoid excessive damage in these LTF buildings in future events.
Umut Akguzel Photograph 528
Images, UC QuakeStudies
A photograph of the Arts Centre with steel bracing holding up the walls.
BeckerFraserPhotos October 2010 photograph 062
Images, UC QuakeStudies
The old Civic Council Chamber's west wall reinforced with heavy steel bracing.
Sonja Farmer Photograph 50
Images, UC QuakeStudies
A photograph of the earthquake damage to a house in Christchurch. One of the side walls has crumbled, exposing the inside. Steel bracing is being used to hold up the ceiling inside.
BeckerFraserPhotos March 2011 photograph 131
Images, UC QuakeStudies
Wooden bracing holding up the remaining masonry of this wall of the Cramner Centre (formerly Christchurch Girls' High School). Above the bracing, the masonry has fallen away.
Photograph by Neil Macbeth 636
Images, UC QuakeStudies
Bracing against the front wall of the Arts Centre on Worcester Boulevard, helping to keep the wall together. Wire fencing has also been placed around the building as a cordon.
WEMO ERT Set 1 - March 2011 - Photograph 87
Images, UC QuakeStudies
A photograph of St John the Baptist Church on the corner of Madras and Hereford Streets. Sections of the closest wall have crumbled and steel bracing has been used to hold up the rest. Wire fencing has been placed around the bracing as a cordon.
BeckerFraserPhotos February 2011 photograph 150
Images, UC QuakeStudies
Bracing made of steel beams and concrete blocks that has been applied to the wall of St John the Baptist Church in Latimer Square.
BeckerFraserPhotos October 2010 photograph 005
Images, UC QuakeStudies
St John's Church on Hereford Street with steel framework to stabilise the end wall.
BeckerFraserPhotos May 2013 photograph 158
Images, UC QuakeStudies
Wooden bracing supports a stone wall on London Street in Lyttelton. The wall has been surrounded by security fences and road cones.
BeckerFraserPhotos July 2011 photograph 994
Images, UC QuakeStudies
A photograph of the ChristChurch Cathedral with bracing supporting the front wall.
BeckerFraserPhotos September 2010 photograph 137
Images, UC QuakeStudies
Detail of the side wall of St Mary & St Athanaslos church on Edgeware Road. The bricks at the top of the wall have crumbled, revealing the second layer of bricks inside.
Photograph by Neil Macbeth 634
Images, UC QuakeStudies
The Arts Centre on Worcester Boulevard with damage to the gables. Steel bracing has been placed against the front of the building to hold the walls together.
BeckerFraserPhotos May 2011 photograph 0105
Images, UC QuakeStudies
Bracing holds up the wall of the Toffs Recycled Clothing building on Gloucester Street.
Natalie Kerschner WEMO Photograph 030
Images, UC QuakeStudies
A photograph of the Cranmer Courts on the corner of Kilmore and Montreal Streets. The gable to the left has crumbled, and there is damage to the tip of the gable in the foreground. Wooden bracing has been placed on both walls to limit further damage from aftershocks.
Photograph by Jocelyn Kinghorn 1861
Images, UC QuakeStudies
Damage to a residential house. A relatively intact wall is being supported with wooden bracing.
Photograph by Jocelyn Kinghorn 073
Images, UC QuakeStudies
Steel bracing erected against the wall of a damaged building to prevent any further damage.
BeckerFraserPhotos March 2011 photograph 014
Images, UC QuakeStudies
The Empire Hotel on London Street in Lyttelton with heavy steel bracing holding up the facade. Bricks from the side wall have collapsed on to the footpath and wire fencing encloses the site.
Photograph by Neil Macbeth 473
Images, UC QuakeStudies
The badly damaged Carlton Hotel on Papanui Road. One wall of the upper storey has collapsed, exposing the rooms within, and bricks litter the footpath below. Bracing have been placed against the building as support.
WEMO ERT Set 1 - March 2011 - Photograph 98
Images, UC QuakeStudies
A photograph of the earthquake-damaged Our City O-Tautahi Building on the corner of Worcester Street and Oxford Terrace. Steel bracing has been placed against the building to secure the brick walls. The bracing is supported by large concrete blocks. Wire fences have also been placed around the bottom of the building as a cordon. Scaffolding has been erected around the tower to the right.
Umut Akguzel Photograph 405
Images, UC QuakeStudies
A photograph of a badly-damaged shop on Colombo Street. The front wall of the top storey of the building has crumbled into the street, exposing the inside of the building. Steel and wooden bracing is keeping the ceiling up.
Photograph of 191 Armagh Street (12)
Images, UC QuakeStudies
A photograph of the front of 191 Armagh Street, with wooden bracing holding the wall together.
BeckerFraserPhotos March 2011 photograph 197
Images, UC QuakeStudies
The side wall of a building on Worcester Street. Timber bracing has been placed along the top of the wall and black plastic to cover the gaps.
BeckerFraserPhotos July 2011 photograph 476
Images, UC QuakeStudies
A photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "Bracing on a retaining wall on Coleridge Terrace in Lyttelton".
BeckerFraserPhotos July 2011 photograph 477
Images, UC QuakeStudies
A photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "Bracing on a retaining wall on Coleridge Terrace in Lyttelton".
BeckerFraserPhotos February 2012 photograph 0356
Images, UC QuakeStudies
A photograph of the ChristChurch Cathedral showing the damage to the west wall and steel bracing.
BeckerFraserPhotos February 2012 photograph 0355
Images, UC QuakeStudies
A photograph of the ChristChurch Cathedral showing the damage to the west wall and steel bracing.
Photograph of Deans farm buildings, 29 Kahu Road (7)
Images, UC QuakeStudies
A photograph of the steal bracing holding up the walls of Deans farm buildings on Kahu Road.
BeckerFraserPhotos July 2011 photograph 479
Images, UC QuakeStudies
A photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "Bracing on a retaining wall on Coleridge Terrace in Lyttelton".
WEMO ERT Set 1 - March 2011 - Photograph 143
Images, UC QuakeStudies
A photograph of emergency management personnel standing next to an earthquake-damaged house. The wall on the left side of the house has collapsed and the bricks have spilled into the driveway in front. Wooden bracing has been placed in between the house and the fence, with wires connecting the top of the bracing to the peak of the roof.