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Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Masonry gable of the Christchurch School of Music broke off during the magnitude 7.1 earthquake in Christchurch on Saturday 4-9-2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

This building at the Barbadoes Street / St Asaph Street intersection was so badly gamaged it had to be demolished.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Quake-damaged shops on Manchester Street; aftermath of the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 3 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Rescue services out in full force at the Christchurch Arts Centre following the magnitude 7 earthquake in Christchurch on Saturday 4-9-2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

This 2 storey building has been condemned after its roof collapsed during the magnitude 7.1 earthquake in Christchurch on Saturday 4-9-2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Front parapet of this building toppled onto Moorhouse Ave; aftermath of a magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

These diggers finished off what the quake failed to completely destroy; aftermath of the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Quake-damaged shops on Manchester Street; aftermath of the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 3 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Quake-damaged shops on Manchester Street; aftermath of the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 3 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Car damaged by the collapse of the building parapet following the magnitude 7.1 earthquake in Christchurch on Saturday 4-9-2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

No traffic on Tuam Street which was in the area cordoned off following the magnitude 7.1 earthquake in Christchurch on Saturday 4-9-2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

This 2 storey building has been condemned after its roof collapsed during the magnitude 7.1 earthquake in Christchurch on Saturday 4-9-2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

I could have sworn there was another storey above the corner shop; aftermath of a magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Cross cracks in the brick wall of St Elmo Courts apartment block at the Hereford Street / Montreal Street intersection.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Quake-damaged shops on Manchester Street; aftermath of the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 3 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Hostel along Bealey Ave with its chimney missing afetr the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Part of the parapet of this building was shaken loose by the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that hit Christchurch on 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Part of the parapet of this building was shaken loose by the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that hit Christchurch on 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

St John the Baptist Church at Latimer Square in the aftermath of the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

St John the Baptist Church at Latimer Square in the aftermath of the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

This house along Bealey Ave lost its chimney stack in the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

The front and side walls of this Christchurch building had completely collapsed after being struck by the the magnitude 7,1 earthquake on 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

This hostel along Bealey Ave lost its chimney stack in the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Research papers, University of Canterbury Library

The November 2016 MW 7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake initiated beneath the North Culverden basin on The Humps fault and propagated north-eastwards, rupturing at least 17 faults along a cumulative length of ~180 km. The geomorphic expression of The Humps Fault across the Emu Plains, along the NW margin of Culverden basin, comprises a series of near-parallel strands separated by up to 3 km across strike. The various strands strike east to east-northeast and have been projected to mainly dip steeply to the south in seismic data (~80°). In this area, the fault predominantly accommodates right-lateral slip, with uplift and subsidence confined to releasing and restraining bends and step-overs at a range of scales. The Kaikōura event ruptured pre-existing fault scarps along the Emu Plains, which had been partly identified prior to the earthquake. Geomorphology and faulting expression of The Humps Fault on The Emu Plains was mapped, along with faulting related structures which did not rupture in the 2016 earthquake. Fault ruptures strands are combined into sections and the kinematic deformation of sections analysed to provide a moment tensor fault plane solution. This fault plane solution is consistent with the regional principal horizontal shortening direction (PHS) of ~115°, similar to seismic focal mechanism solutions of some of the nearby aftershocks of the Kaikōura earthquake, and similar to the adjacent Hope Fault. To constrain the timing of paleoseismic events, a trench was excavated across the fault where it crossed a late Quaternary alluvial fan. Mapping of stratigraphy exposed in the trench walls, and dating of variably deformed strata, constrains the pre-historic earthquake event history at the trench site. The available data provides evidence for at least three paleo-earthquakes within the last 15.1 ka, with a possible fourth (penultimate) event. These events are estimated to have occurred at 7.7-10.3 ka, 10.3-14.8 ka, and one or more events that are older than ~15.1 ka. Some evidence suggests an additional penultimate event between 1850 C.E and 7.7 ka. Time-integrated slip-rates at three locations on the fault are measured using paleo-channels as piercing points. These sites give horizontal slip rates of 0.57 ± 0.1 mm/year, 0.49 ± 0.1 mm/year and one site constrains a minimum of between 0.1 - 0.4 mm/year. Two vertical slip-rates are calculated to be constrained to a maximum of 0.2 ± 0.02 mm/year at one site and between 0.02 and 0.1 mm/year at another site. Prior to this study, The Humps fault had only been partially documented in reconnaissance level mapping in the district, and no previous paleoseismic or slip rate data had been reported. This project has provided a detailed fault zone tectonic geomorphic map and established new slip-rate and paleoseismic data. The results highlight that The Humps fault plays an important role in regional seismicity and in accommodating plate boundary deformation across the North Canterbury region.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Colombo Street closed off south of Moorhouse Ave, due to a damaged shop now deemed unstable; aftermath of a magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

This shop on Riccarton Road was badly damaged in the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010, and had to be demolished.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

The quake-damaged facade of the Baptist Church at the Kilmore Street / Madras Street intersection being propped up while repairs are in progress.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Time stands still on the Science Museum clock tower as a poignant reminder of the moment the trembler struck Christchurch in the early hours of Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

This building on Lichfield Street lost the top floor of its facade during the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Damaged shops at the Manchester Street / Tuam Street corner; aftermath of the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.