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Research Papers, Lincoln University

Liquefaction affects late Holocene, loose packed and water saturated sediment subjected to cyclical shear stress. Liquefaction features in the geological record are important off-fault markers that inform about the occurrence of moderate to large earthquakes (> 5 Mw). The study of contemporary liquefaction features provides a better understanding of where to find past (paleo) liquefaction features, which, if identified and dated, can provide information on the occurrence, magnitude and timing of past earthquakes. This is particularly important in areas with blind active faults. The extensive liquefaction caused by the 2010-2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence (CES) gave the geoscience community the opportunity to study the liquefaction process in different settings (alluvial, coastal and estuarine), investigating different aspects (e.g. geospatial correlation with landforms, thresholds for peak ground acceleration, resilience of infrastructures), and to collect a wealth geospatial dataset in the broad region of the Canterbury Plains. The research presented in this dissertation examines the sedimentary architecture of two environments, the alluvial and coastal settings, affected by liquefaction during the CES. The novel aim of this study is to investigate how landform and subsurface sedimentary architecture influence liquefaction and its surface manifestation, to provide knowledge for locating studies of paleoliquefaction in future. Two study cases documented in the alluvial setting showed that liquefaction features affected a crevasse splay and point bar ridges. However, the liquefaction source layer was linked to paleochannel floor deposits below the crevasse splay in the first case, and to the point bar deposits themselves in the second case. This research documents liquefaction features in the coastal dune system of the Canterbury Plains in detail for the first time. In the coastal dune setting the liquefiable layer is near the surface. The pore water pressure is vented easily because the coastal dune soil profile is entirely composed of non-cohesive, very well sorted sandy sediment that weakly resists disturbance from fluidised sediment under pressure. As a consequence, the liquefied flow does not need to find a specific crack through which the sediment is vented at the surface; instead, the liquefied sand finds many closely spaced conduits to vent its excess of pore water pressure. Therefore, in the coastal dune setting it is rare to observe discrete dikes (as they are defined in the alluvial setting), instead A horizon delamination (splitting) and blistering (near surface sills) are more common. The differences in styles of surface venting lead to contrasts in patterns of ejecta in the two environments. Whereas the alluvial environment is characterised by coalesced sand blows forming lineations, the coastal dune environment hosts apparently randomly distributed isolated sand blows often associated with collapse features. Amongst the techniques tested for the first time to investigate liquefaction features are: 3D GPR, which improved the accuracy of the trenching even six years after the liquefaction events; thin section analysis to investigate sediment fabric, which helped to discriminate liquefied sediment from its host sediment, and modern from paleoliquefaction features; a Random Forest classification based on the CES liquefaction map, which was used to test relationships between surface manifestation of liquefaction and topographic parameters. The results from this research will be used to target new study sites for future paleoliquefaction research and thus will improve the earthquake hazard assessment across New Zealand.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A St John Ambulance personnel preparing an oxygen mask while standing over a stretcher loaded with medical supplies. Behind him, emergency personnel can be seen searching the ruins of the collapsed Canterbury Television Building for on Madras Street for trapped people. Fire Service personnel have sprayed a jet of water onto the fire burning in the intact section of the building. Smoke is billowing from the building.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

The Cranmer Court building, on the corner of Kilmore and Montreal Streets, after the 22 February 2011 earthquake. Large pieces of the building have collapsed, including the octagonal corner section that housed Plato Creative from March 2008 to November 2009. Masonry has fallen onto the footpath and road, and the site has been enclosed in a safety fence to keep people away. The whitewashed interior walls of one of the apartments can be seen.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of members of the Wellington Emergency Management Office Emergency Response Team examining an earthquake-damaged building on Acton Street. The closest section of the outer wall has collapsed, and the bricks and other rubble have fallen onto the pavement in front. A boat which was being stored inside has toppled over and is now sticking out of the building.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of members of the Wellington Emergency Management Office Emergency Response Team examining an earthquake-damaged building on Acton Street. The closest section of the outer wall has collapsed, and the bricks and other rubble have fallen onto the pavement in front. A boat which was being stored inside has toppled over and is now sticking out of the building.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a tape artist ripping down a section of the tape art mural. The photograph was taken at Street Talk, a Tape Art residency held from 6 - 9 March 2014. Street Talk was a collaborative project between All Right?, Healthy Christchurch and Tape Art NZ that had Christchurch communities create large tape art murals on the south wall of Community and Public Health.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a tape artist ripping down a section of the tape art mural. The photograph was taken at Street Talk, a Tape Art residency held from 6 - 9 March 2014. Street Talk was a collaborative project between All Right?, Healthy Christchurch and Tape Art NZ that had Christchurch communities create large tape art murals on the south wall of Community and Public Health.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of members of the Wellington Emergency Management Office Emergency Response Team working on the corner of Tuam and High Streets. In the background a large section of a building has collapsed and the bricks and other rubble have spilled onto the road. Wire fencing has been placed around the building as a cordon.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake damage to a group of shops on Colombo Street near the intersection of Kilmore Street. Large sections of the top storeys of the buildings have collapsed. Most of the bricks and other rubble have been cleared from the footpath. USAR codes have been spray-painted on many of the shops' windows. The closest store has been demolished and the rubble has been cleared away.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of members of the Wellington Emergency Management Office Emergency Response Team examining an earthquake-damaged building on Acton Street. The closest section of the outer wall has collapsed, and the bricks and other rubble have fallen onto the pavement in front. A boat which was being stored inside has toppled over and is now sticking out of the building.

Videos, UC QuakeStudies

A video of an address by Alex Cutler, CEO of the New Zealand Green Building Council, at the 2014 Seismics and the City forum. This talk was part of the Building Communities section and explored the extent to which the new city core will be a 'government-flavoured doughnut', the key issues with this concept, and the possible solutions.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of members of the Wellington Emergency Management Office Emergency Response Team examining an earthquake-damaged building on Acton Street. The closest section of the outer wall has collapsed, and the bricks and other rubble have fallen onto the pavement in front. A boat which was being stored inside has toppled over and is now sticking out of the building.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a building on the corner of Victoria Street and Bealey Avenue. Large sections of the building have collapsed and the bricks have spilled onto the footpath below. Scaffolding has been constructed around the rest of the building, blocking it from view. In the foreground steel fencing and road cones have been placed across Victoria Street as a cordon.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

An interior view of the Cranmer Court building's octagonal corner section, which housed Plato Creative from March 2008 to November 2009. The photograph showcases the building's high windows and intricate wooden ceiling. Although designed as a book depot, this room was used as the principal's office while Christchurch Normal School was operating from the building. A table with chairs set around it can be seen in the lower part of the photograph.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake-damage to St Paul's-Trinity-Pacific Church on Cashel Street. A large section of the left side of the building has collapsed and the rubble has scattered onto the footpath and street below. Scaffolding constructed up the left side has also collapsed. USAR codes have been spray-painted on the wall in front of the building.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the Durham Street Methodist Church on Durham Street. The church has almost completely collapsed and only a small section of the structure is still standing. Masonry and other rubble has spilled onto the footpath and street in front. To the right a plywood sign has been propped against the front fence. USAR codes have been spray-painted on the sign.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake damage to a group of stores on Manchester Street including the While You Wait Studio, Smith's Bookshop, Aji Global Grocery & Chocolateria and Curios Bric-a-Brac. Sections of the front wall have crumbled, the bricks falling to the footpath and damaging the awnings. Plastic fencing has been placed along the road as a cordon.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake damage to the Canterbury Provincial Chambers Buildings on Durham Street. Large sections of the masonry have collapsed, spilling onto the road. Wire fencing has been placed around the building as a cordon. Scaffolding erected up the side of the building after the 4 September 2010 earthquake has collapsed. In the distance, a crane is parked on the street.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of several earthquake-damaged buildings on Lichfield Street. A section of the top storey of the building in the middle has collapsed. USAR codes have been spray-painted on the front door, columns, and windows of all of the buildings. A red sticker has also been stuck to the door of the closest building, indicating that it is unsafe to enter.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake damage to the Edward Gibbon building on Madras Street. Sections of the top storey have collapsed and the bricks have spilled onto the road in front, damaging the awning and smashing several cars. In the foreground members of the Wellington Emergency Management Office Emergency Response Team are standing on the road.

Articles, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph captioned, "We get the young fellas to come in and do the upkeep on the government houses that have been sold. They cut down all the long grass and just tidy up all the fire risk sections. This one's easier cos the house is gone. If you keep it tidy it looks tidy from the road. There's people living here, and there's nothing worse than looking over your house and seeing grass this high".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake damage to the Kenton Chambers Building on Hereford Street. Large cracks have formed in the columns between the building's windows. A section of the bottom storey has collapsed and the bricks have spilled onto the footpath in front. Steel fences have been placed on the street as a cordon. In the distance there are many other earthquake-damaged buildings.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a tape artist ripping down a section of the tape art mural. The photograph was taken at Street Talk, a Tape Art residency held from 6 - 9 March 2014. Street Talk was a collaborative project between All Right?, Healthy Christchurch and Tape Art NZ that had Christchurch communities create large tape art murals on the south wall of Community and Public Health.

Images, Canterbury Museum

One landscape colour digital photograph taken on 19 November 2011 showing part of the north side of London Street. The properties visible from left to right are: part of Lyttel Piko Organic and Wholefoods, Satchmo Café Pizzabar, Milly May and Snoclothes New Zealand. The empty section was formerly occupied by No. 6 Cafe. The Lyttelton streetsc...

Images, Canterbury Museum

One landscape colour digital photograph taken on 27 May 2013 of London Street in Lyttelton. Taken from Sumner Road looking west across the intersection of London and Oxford Streets. The photograph shows several empty sections and the remaining buildings. The Lyttelton streetscape has changed dramatically from its pre-earthquake appearance and w...