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Images for LIQUEFACTION; more images...

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Liquefaction in North New Brighton. The photographer comments, "This was the liquefaction pouring out of a split in the road where it joins the side-walk. The quakes felt pretty violent, but the damage was less severe than the February one. Unlucky for me the epicentre was only 9.6km away and smaller aftershocks were a lot closer".

Articles, UC QuakeStudies

The Christchurch liquefaction study was initiated to better determine liquefaction susceptibility in Christchurch city. It aimed to improve on earlier liquefaction susceptibility maps, which were based on soil type and distribution, by incorporating soil strength data into liquefaction analysis. This stage of the study included collating available geological and geotechnical data from Environment Canterbury and Christchurch City Council into a database, modelling liquefaction hazard and ground damage and presenting these as maps. The report contains many recommendations, which were taken up in subsequent stages of the study. (Note that the results of Stage 1 of the Christchurch liquefaction study were provided to Environment Canterbury as a letter rather than a report. This was a summary of work completed to 30 June 2001, including a review of geological and geotechnical data available within Environment Canterbury and Christchurch City Council records.) See Object Overview for background and usage information.

Research papers, University of Canterbury Library

The city of Christchurch and its surrounds experienced widespread damage due to soil liquefaction induced by seismic shaking during the Canterbury earthquake sequence that began in September 2010 with the Mw7.1 Darfield earthquake. Prior to the start of this sequence, the city had a large network of strong motion stations (SMSs) installed, which were able to record a vast database of strong ground motions. This paper uses this database of strong ground motion recordings, observations of liquefaction manifestation at the ground surface, and data from a recently completed extensive geotechnical site investigation program at each SMS to assess a range of liquefaction evaluation procedures at the four SMSs in the Christchurch Central Business District (CBD). In general, the characteristics of the accelerograms recorded at each SMS correlated well with the liquefaction evaluation procedures, with low liquefaction factors of safety predicted at sites with clear liquefaction identifiers in the ground motions. However, at sites that likely liquefied at depth (as indicated by evaluation procedures and/or inferred from the characteristics of the recorded surface accelerograms), the presence of a non-liquefiable crust layer at many of the SMS locations prevented the manifestation of any surface effects. Because of this, there was not a good correlation between surface manifestation and two surface manifestation indices, the Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) and the Liquefaction Severity Number (LSN).

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A van partially submerged in liquefaction. The photographer comments, "A van that unluckily drove into a hole caused by the terrible liquefaction on Beach Road, North New Brighton during the Christchurch earthquake".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A 'sand volcano' of liquefaction silt in Bexley. The photographer comments, "Liquefaction is just a mixture of sand and water squeezed up from the ground, but with a little imagination it has a beauty in its untouched state".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Dried liquefaction silt in North New Brighton. The photographer comments, "I found this face amongst the liquefaction. It is like one of them diagrams where they segment different parts of the brain depending on their functions".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A van partially submerged in liquefaction. The photographer comments, "A van that unluckily drove into a hole caused by the terrible liquefaction on Beach Road, North New Brighton during the Christchurch earthquake".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Dried liquefaction silt in North New Brighton. The photographer comments, "The liquefaction after the 23 December earthquake in Christchurch started to dry out and the thicker deposits started to curl up like broken drain pipe".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Dried liquefaction silt in North New Brighton. The photographer comments, "The day before this was liquefaction pouring out of the ground, but within a day it has dried up and will soon turn into a gritty dust".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Liquefaction and flooding in Waitaki Street, Bexley. The photographer comments, "Waitaki Street a week after the Christchurch Earthquake. Because of the damage to the drains and liquefaction in the area the streets are not drying out".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Dried liquefaction silt in North New Brighton. The photographer comments, "This is the the top layer of liquefaction that has dried up in the hot sun. A broken eggshell is around 5 times stronger than these, but a fallen leaf is just not enough to break one. You can see underneath that the heavier sandy layer of liquefaction has dried and has cracked as well".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Road damage and liquefaction in a residential street. The photographer comments, "A great gouge in the road caused by liquefaction undermining the road surface and a car driving over it. This was the earthquake in Christchurch, New Zealand on 22 February 2011".

Articles, UC QuakeStudies

This study analysed liquefaction susceptibility and estimated ground settlements for two earthquake scenarios (foothills and Alpine Fault) for eastern Waimakariri District. The report was later partially superseded by Earthquake hazard assessment for Waimakariri District (Yetton and McCahon, 2009), which while not using such detailed analytical methods as the 2000 Beca report, reviewed new information available since 2000 (including that collected as part of the Pegasus Town development). This showed that the liquefaction susceptibility in eastern Waimakariri district was in fact much more variable than suggested in the 2000 Beca maps, and that liquefaction susceptibility was extremely difficult to predict without a site-specific investigation. See Object Overview for background and usage information.